I’ve constantly been intrigued by the challenge of intelligence. As a child my mom might talk to me as “smart,” but I quickly observed that every one dad and mom consult with their youngsters as smart. In time i’d find out that all youngsters are not smart, just as all babies are not lovable. If that were the case, we’d have a global complete of beautiful, smart people – which we do not.
some of us are smart; but now not as clever as we think, and others are smarter than they seem, which makes me surprise, how can we outline smart? What makes one individual smarter than another? while do “road smarts” matter more than “e book smarts”? can you be both smart and stupid? Is being clever more of an instantaneous impact of genetics, or one’s environment?
Then there are the issues of schooling, intelligence and information.
What does it mean to be tremendously educated? what’s the difference between being highly knowledgeable and surprisingly smart? Does being especially educated automatically make you pretty clever? Can one be fairly intelligent with out being rather educated? Do IQs virtually mean something? What makes a person smart? Why is understanding usually related to vintage age?
My desire to are seeking solutions to those questions stimulated many hours of severe studies which included the analyzing of 6 books, loads of studies files, and limitless hours at the net; which pales in contrast to the life of research and research that pioneers inside the fields of intelligence and education like Howard Gardner, Richard Sternberg, Linda S. Gottfredson, Thomas Sowell, Alfie Kohn, and Diane F. Halpern whose paintings is cited in this article.
My intention was easy: Amass, synthesize, and present facts on what it approach to be clever, knowledgeable and wise so that it may be understood and used by everybody for their gain.
PRENATAL CARE
With this in thoughts, there was now not a better (or extra suitable) region to begin than on the very beginning of our life: as a fetus in the womb.
there’s mounting proof that the intake of food that is high in iron both before and all through pregnancy is crucial to building the prenatal brain. Researchers have determined a strong affiliation among low iron stages throughout pregnancy and diminished IQ. ingredients rich in iron consist of lima beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, spinach, asparagus, broccoli, seafoods, nuts, dried end result, oatmeal, and fortified cereals.
youngsters with low iron status in utero (in the uterus) scored decrease on each test and had appreciably lower language capability, great-motor capabilities, and tractability than children with better prenatal iron levels. In essence, right prenatal care is essential to the development of cognitive skills.
COGNITIVE abilities
Cognitive talents are the fundamental mental competencies we use to think, take a look at, and analyze. They encompass a wide type of mental techniques used to analyze sounds and photographs, recall facts from reminiscence, make associations among different pieces of records, and hold attention on particular responsibilities. They can be in my opinion diagnosed and measured. Cognitive ability electricity and efficiency correlates immediately with college students’ ease of getting to know.
Consuming, being pregnant, AND ITS intellectual effect
Drinking even as pregnant isn’t always clever. In fact, it is downright stupid.
A study in Alcoholism: medical & Experimental studies has determined that even mild to mild consuming – specially all through the second trimester – is associated with lower IQs in offspring at 10 years of age. This end result became especially mentioned amongst African-American rather than Caucasian offspring.
“IQ is a degree of the child’s potential to examine and to live to tell the tale in his or her environment. It predicts the capability for success in faculty and in ordinary lifestyles. although a small however extensive percent of children are identified with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) every yr, many extra youngsters are exposed to alcohol during being pregnant who do no longer meet criteria for FAS yet enjoy deficits in increase and cognitive characteristic,” stated Jennifer A. Willford, assistant professor of psychiatry on the university of Pittsburgh faculty of medicine.
Paul D. Connor, scientific director of the Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit and assistant professor inside the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences on the university of Washington has this to mention approximately the situation:
“There are a number of domains of cognitive functioning that may be impaired even within the face of a tremendously ordinary IQ, including educational achievement (mainly arithmetic), adaptive functioning, and government functions (the ability to trouble clear up and study from stories). Deficits in highbrow, fulfillment, adaptive, and govt functioning ought to make it hard to correctly manipulate budget, characteristic independently without help, and recognize the effects of – or react correctly to – errors.”
This is a key locating which speaks immediately to the (mental) definition of intelligence which is addressed later in this article.
Ultra SOUNDS
Research have proven that the common exposure of the human fetus to ultrasound waves is related to a decrease in new child frame weight, an growth in the frequency of left-handedness, and behind schedule speech.
Because ultrasound strength is a excessive-frequency mechanical vibration, researchers hypothesized that it’d affect the migration of neurons in a developing fetus. Neurons in mammals multiply early in fetal improvement after which migrate to their final locations. Any interference or disruption within the technique could result in strange brain feature.
Industrial companies (which do ultrasounds for “souvenir” purposes) at the moment are developing greater powerful ultrasound machines capable of imparting popular 3-d and 4D photographs. The technique, but, lasts longer as they are attempting to make 30-minute videos of the fetus within the uterus.
the main movement magazine New Scientist stated the following: Ultrasound scans can prevent cells from dividing and lead them to commit suicide. habitual scans, that have let doctors peek at fetuses and internal organs for the past 40 years, affect the ordinary mobile cycle.
On the FDA website this information is published approximately ultrasounds:
whilst ultrasound has been round for many years, expectant women and their households need to know that the lengthy-term effects of repeated ultrasound exposures at the fetus aren’t completely recognized. In mild of all that remains unknown, having a prenatal ultrasound for non-scientific reasons isn’t always a good concept.
NATURE as opposed to NURTURE…the talk maintains
Now that you are aware about some of the acknowledged elements which determine, enhance, and impact the highbrow improvement of a fetus, it is time for theory. once that baby is born, so that it will be extra crucial within the development of its intellect: nature (genetics) or nurture (the surroundings)?
Apparently for centuries, scientists and psychologists have gone backward and forward in this. I study many complete research and reports in this difficulty at some stage in the studies phase of this article, and that i believe that it is time to place this debate to rest. both nature and nurture are similarly as critical and ought to be completely determined within the intellectual development of all children. This shouldn’t be an both/or proposition.
A latest study indicates that early intervention in the home and in the study room can make a huge distinction for a child born into severe poverty, in step with Eric Turkheimer, a psychologist on the college of Virginia in Charlottesville. The have a look at concludes that at the same time as genetic make-up explains most of the differences in IQ for youngsters in wealthier families, surroundings – and no longer genes – makes a bigger difference for minority children in low-income houses.
in particular, what researchers name “heritability”- the diploma to which genes influence IQ – became significantly lower for terrible households. “once you’re placed into an ok surroundings, your genes begin to take over,” Mr. Turkheimer said, “but in poor environments genes don’t have that capacity.”
However there are reports that contradict these findings…type of.
Linda S. Gottfredson, a professor of educational research at the college of Delaware, wrote in her article, the overall Intelligence thing that environments shared with the aid of siblings have little to do with IQ. Many human beings still mistakenly agree with that social, psychological and economic differences amongst households create lasting and marked differences in IQ.
She located that behavioral geneticists seek advice from such environmental results as “shared” due to the fact they’re common to siblings who develop up collectively. Her reports states that the heritability of IQ rises with age; that is to say, the volume to which genetics bills for differences in IQ amongst individuals will increase as people become older.
In her article she also refers to research evaluating same and fraternal twins, posted within the past decade by means of a group led by way of Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., of the university of Minnesota and different scholars, display that about 40 percentage of IQ variations amongst preschoolers stems from genetic variations, however that heritability rises to 60 percent with the aid of early life and to 80 percentage by way of overdue maturity.
And this is possibly the most thrilling little bit of facts, and relevant to this section of my article:
With age, differences among people in their developed intelligence come to mirror extra carefully their genetic differences. It appears that the outcomes of environment on intelligence fade as opposed to develop with time.
Bouchard concludes that younger children have the circumstances of their lives imposed on them with the aid of dad and mom, colleges and other sellers of society, however as humans become old they come to be greater independent and generally tend to are searching for out the lifestyles niches which can be most congenial to their genetic proclivities.
BREAST-FEEDING will increase INTELLIGENCE
Researchers from Christchurch college of drugs in New Zealand studied over 1,000 youngsters born between April and August 1977. in the course of the duration from start to one year, they collected information on how those youngsters have been fed.
The infants had been then accompanied to age 18. through the years, the researchers collected various cognitive and educational records at the kids, inclusive of IQ, trainer ratings of school overall performance in analyzing and math, and effects of standardized checks of studying comprehension, mathematics, and scholastic potential. The researchers also checked out the wide variety of passing grades carried out in national college certificates examinations taken at the cease of the 1/3 year of high faculty.
The effects indicated that the longer youngsters were breast-fed, the better they scored on such checks.
Talking to your kids MAKES A difference
Thomas Sowell, creator of Race, IQ, Black Crime, and records Liberals ignore exposed some fascinating records that every figure must take note of. He writes:
there may be a strong case that black people suffer from a chain of disadvantageous environments. studies show over and over that before they move to school, black youngsters are on average exposed to a smaller vocabulary than white children, in part because of socioeconomic elements.
At the same time as children from professional households commonly uncovered to a complete of two,one hundred fifty specific words every day, children from operating magnificence families are uncovered to one,250, and kids from households on welfare a mere 620.
Sure, smart sounding kids tend to return from educated, professional, two-discern environments in which they select-up precious language talents and vocabulary from its smart sounding inhabitants.
Mr. Sowell maintains: Black kids are manifestly now not in charge for their negative socioeconomic reputation, but some thing past financial repute is at work in black houses. Black humans have now not signed up for the “excellent venture” of the white center elegance – the regular quest to stimulate highbrow boom and get their toddler into Harvard or Oxbridge.
Elsie Moore of Arizona state college, Phoenix, studied black youngsters followed by both black or white parents, all of whom had been center-class professionals. by means of the age of seven.5 years, those in black homes had been 13 IQ points in the back of those being raised in the white homes.
Gathered advantages
At this juncture in my research it dawned on me, and should be fairly obvious to you, that many youngsters are predisposed to being smart, educated, and sensible, without a doubt by means of their publicity to the influential factors which determine them long earlier than they begin school.
An informed mother, right prenatal care, knowledgeable, communicative parents, and a nurturing surroundings wherein to stay, all add up to accumulated blessings that formulate intellectual abilties. As you could see, some children have unfair blessings from the very beginning.
Malcolm Gladwell, writer of pinnacle-selling book Outliers, wrote that “gathered benefits” are made viable via arbitrary guidelines…and such unfair blessings are everywhere. “it’s miles individuals who are successful who’re most probably to receive the types of social opportunities that lead to in addition fulfillment,” he writes. “it is the rich who get the biggest tax breaks. it’s the excellent college students who get the excellent teaching and maximum interest.”
With that in mind, we flip our interest to schooling and intelligence.
WHAT DOES IT imply TO BE properly educated?
Alfie Kohn, creator of the e book What Does It suggest To Be nicely knowledgeable? poses the question, does the phrase nicely knowledgeable consult with a exceptional of education you received, or something approximately you? Does it denote what you had been taught? Or what you don’t forget?
I contend that to be properly knowledgeable is all in the utility; the software and use of facts. statistics has for use that allows you to become understanding, and as we all have heard, understanding is strength.
Most people are privy to the floundering nation of education on this usa on a few level. We tell our children that not anything is more critical than getting a “precise” training, and every yr, due to government finances shortfalls, teachers are laid off, training are condensed, colleges are closed, and many instructional programs – specifically those which assist the underprivileged – are cut.
The reality is, we don’t simply fee training. We fee it as a business, an industry, political ammunition, and as an prevalent form of discrimination, but now not for what it turned into meant: a way of enriching one’s individual and life thru mastering.
What we price as a society, are athletes and the entertainment they provide. The reality that a expert athlete makes extra money in one season, than maximum teachers in any area will make in their careers, is abominable. there may be usually money to construct new sports stadiums, however now not sufficient to provide instructors a decent (and well-deserved) increase.
Satirically, the exceptional instructors don’t move into the profession for cash. They teach as it’s a calling. maximum of them have been prompted by way of a actually true trainer as a pupil. With the mass exodus of instructors, many college students are not able to domesticate the mentoring relationships that they once have been capable of because so many are leaving the profession – voluntarily and involuntarily – within an average of 3 years.
At the high faculty stage, in which I got my begin, the emphasis isn’t always on the way to educate the scholars to put together them for existence, or maybe university (all excessive colleges ought to be university-prep schools, proper?), it was approximately preparing them to excel on their standardized exams. Then the controversial “go out” tests had been implemented and literally, many excessive schools were converted into trying out facilities. learning has nearly emerge as secondary.
This mentality carries over into university, which of direction there may be a take a look at one ought to take with a purpose to sign up (the SAT or ACT). This explains why such a lot of college college students are greater worried with finishing a direction, than studying from it. they’re targeted on getting “A’s” and ranges, as opposed to becoming degreed thinkers. The latter of which are in greater call for via employers and incorporate the bulk of the self-hired. The “get-the-exact-grade” mindset is immediately as a result of the relentless and frequently needless testing that our college students are subjected to in faculties.
Alfie Kohn advocates the “exhibition” of studying, wherein college students screen their information with the aid of in-intensity initiatives, portfolios of assignments, and different demonstrations.
He cites a model pioneered with the aid of Ted Sizer and Deborah Meier. Meier has emphasized the significance of students having 5 “habits of mind,” which can be: the fee of elevating questions on evidence (“How will we realize what we know?”), factor of view, (“Whose angle does this constitute?”), connections (“How is that this associated with that?”), supposition (“How would possibly things have been in any other case?”), and relevance (“Why is this important?”).
Kohn writes: it is handiest the capacity to raise and answer the ones questions that subjects, though, but additionally the disposition to achieve this. For that be counted, any set of intellectual objectives, any description of what it way to think deeply and seriously, must be accompanied with the aid of a reference to one’s interest or intrinsic motivation to do such wondering…to be properly-knowledgeable then, is to have the choice in addition to the approach to make certain that getting to know in no way ends…
History AND cause OF IQ
We have usually desired to measure intelligence. paradoxically, while you observe some the primary methods used to assess it inside the 1800s, they had been no longer, nicely, very smart. procedures together with subjecting humans to various forms of torture to look what their threshold for ache become (the longer you can face up to wincing, the extra shrewd you have been believed to be), or trying out your ability to discover a high pitch sound that others couldn’t listen.
matters have changed…or have they?
No discussion of intelligence or IQ can be whole with out point out of Alfred Binet, a French psychologist who became accountable for laying the basis for IQ testing in 1904. His original aim was to plan a check that might diagnose studying disabilities of students in France. The check results had been then used to put together unique programs to assist students conquer their academic difficulties.
It become by no means supposed for use as an absolute degree of 1’s intellectual talents.
In line with Binet, intelligence could not be described as a single score. He said that the use of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) as a exact declaration of a infant’s highbrow functionality would be a critical mistake. in addition, Binet feared that IQ size would be used to sentence a infant to a permanent “condition” of stupidity, thereby negatively affecting his or her schooling and livelihood.
The authentic hobby changed into within the evaluation of ‘intellectual age’ — the average level of intelligence for someone of a given age. His creation, the Binet-Simon take a look at (in the beginning known as a “scale”), formed the archetype for future assessments of intelligence.
H. H. Goddard, director of research at Vineland education faculty in New Jersey, translated Binet’s paintings into English and recommended a greater wellknown utility of the Simon-Binet take a look at. not like Binet, Goddard considered intelligence a solitary, constant and inborn entity that might be measured. With assist of Lewis Terman of Stanford university, his final product, posted in 1916 because the Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence (additionally called the Stanford-Binet), became the standard intelligence check inside the u.s..
it is crucial to observe that the fallacy approximately IQ is that it’s far constant and cannot be changed. The fact is that IQ scores are regarded to differ – each up and down for the duration of the route of one’s lifetime. It does no longer imply that you grow to be more, or less wise, it merely manner that you examined better on one day than another.
One more component to understand approximately IQ assessments: They were used for racist functions considering that their importation into the U.S. many of folks who had been involved inside the importation and refinement of these tests believed that IQ became hereditary and are responsible for feeding the fallacy that it is a “fixed” trait.
Many immigrants had been examined in the Twenties and failed those IQ checks miserably. As a end result, a lot of them have been denied access into the U.S., or have been pressured to go through sterilization for worry of populating america with “dumb” and “inferior” babies. in case you bear in mind, the checks had been designed for white, center magnificence americans. Who do you observed would have the maximum difficulty passing them?
Lewis Terman evolved the unique belief of IQ and proposed this scale for classifying IQ scores:
000 – 070: exact feeble-mindedness
070 – 079: Borderline deficiency
080 – 089: Dullness
090 – 109: everyday or average intelligence
110 – 119: superior intelligence
one hundred fifteen – 124: Above common (e.g., university college students)
one hundred twenty five – 134: gifted (e.g., put up-graduate college students)
one hundred thirty five – 144: exceptionally proficient (e.g., intellectuals)
145 – 154: Genius (e.g., professors)
one hundred fifty five – 164: Genius (e.g., Nobel Prize winners)
165 – 179: high genius
one hundred eighty – 200: highest genius
2 hundred – higher ?: Immeasurable genius
*Genius IQ is typically taken into consideration to begin round 140 to 145, representing only 25% of the population (1 in four hundred).
*Einstein changed into taken into consideration to “most effective” have an IQ of about one hundred sixty.
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE
Diane F. Halpern, a psychologist and beyond-president of the yankee mental association (APA), wrote in her essay contribution to Why clever humans may be So silly that in widespread, we recognize people as clever if they have a few aggregate of these achievements (1) accurate grades in school; (2) a excessive degree of training; (three) a responsible, complicated process; (4) some different reputation of being smart, which includes triumphing prestigious awards or incomes a huge profits; (5) the capacity to study complicated text with appropriate comprehension; (6) solve difficult and novel issues.
At some stage in my studies and inside the early levels of this article, I got here throughout many definitions of the word intelligence. some have been lengthy, some were quick. a few I couldn’t even understand. The definition this is maximum customary is the one created by way of the APA that is: the potential to evolve to one’s environment, and examine from one’s mistakes.
How about that? there is the word surroundings once more. We simply can’t seem to break out it. This provides deeper which means to the announcing, “while in Rome, do as the Romans do.” It manner spotting what’s going on in your surroundings, and having the intelligence adapt to it – and the those who occupy it – that allows you to live to tell the tale and be successful within it.
There also are many unique styles of intelligence. most substantially those created by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of schooling at Harvard university.
Dr. Gardner believes (and that i agree) that our schools and way of life recognition most in their interest on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. We esteem the fantastically articulate or logical people of our tradition. but, Dr. Gardner says that we should also location equal attention on folks that show items inside the different intelligences: the artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, marketers, and others who enhance the arena wherein we live.
He felt that the conventional perception of intelligence, primarily based on IQ trying out, turned into a long way too limited and created the Theories Of multiple Intelligences in 1983 to account for a broader variety of human ability in youngsters and adults.
These intelligences are:
Linguistic intelligence (“word clever”)
Logical-mathematical intelligence (“variety/reasoning smart”)
Spatial intelligence (“photo smart”)
physical-Kinesthetic intelligence (“body clever”)
Musical intelligence (“track clever”)
Interpersonal intelligence (“human beings clever”)
Intrapersonal intelligence (“self smart”)
Naturalist intelligence (“nature smart”)
no longer related to Dr. Gardner, however equally respected are:
FLUID & CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
In keeping with Approximately, Psychologist Raymond Cattell first proposed the ideas of fluid and crystallized intelligence and in addition advanced the principle with John Horn. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of some of distinctive capabilities that have interaction and work together to produce general person intelligence.
Cattell described fluid intelligence as “…the ability to understand relationships impartial of previous precise practice or instruction concerning those relationships.” Fluid intelligence is the potential to assume and motive abstractly and solve troubles. This capacity is taken into consideration impartial of learning, experience, and education. Examples of using fluid intelligence include fixing puzzles and arising with trouble fixing strategies.
Crystallized intelligence is getting to know from beyond reports and getting to know. conditions that require crystallized intelligence consist of reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in studies. This type of intelligence becomes more potent as we age and gather new know-how and understanding.
Both forms of intelligence increase during formative years and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in early life and starts to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or forty. Crystallized intelligence maintains to develop for the duration of adulthood.
A hit INTELLIGENCE
Then there is a hit Intelligence, which is authored with the aid of intelligence psychologist and Yale professor, Robert J. Sternberg, who believes that the complete concept of bearing on IQ to lifestyles achievement is misguided, because he believes that IQ is a pretty depressing predictor of existence success.
His a hit Intelligence idea makes a speciality of three kinds of intelligence which can be combined to contribute to at least one’s basic success: Analytical Intelligence; mental steps or additives used to solve problems; innovative Intelligence: using experience in ways that foster perception (creativity/divergent questioning); and realistic Intelligence: the capacity to study and adapt to the contexts of normal existence.
with regard to surroundings, Mr. Sternberg writes in his e book successful Intelligence: successfully wise humans recognize that the environment in which they locate themselves may also or might not be able to make the maximum in their competencies. They actively are looking for an environment in which they can not simplest do successful paintings, however make a distinction. they create possibilities in preference to let opportunities be confined by means of occasions wherein they show up to find themselves.
As an educator, I join Mr. Sternberg’s a hit Intelligence method to coaching. It has tested to be a relatively powerful tool and attitude for my college students. using a success Intelligence because the backbone of my context-driven curriculum genuinely conjures up students to look how schooling makes their lifestyles dreams more conceivable, and motivates them to in addition expand their know-how. Mr. Sternberg believes that the predominant thing in attaining expertise is useful engagement.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
In his quality-promoting 1995 ebook, Emotional Intelligence, Daniel Goleman stated that studies suggests that conventional measures of intelligence – IQ – only account for 20% of a person’s achievement in life. as an example, studies on IQ and training suggests that excessive IQ predicts 10 to twenty-five% of grades in college. the share will vary depending on how we define success. however, Goleman’s assertion begs the question: What accounts for the opposite 80%?
You guessed it…Emotional Intelligence. What exactly is emotional intelligence? Emotional intelligence (additionally called EQ or EI) refers back to the capability to understand, control, and evaluate emotions. Many businesses now have obligatory EQ education for their managers if you want to enhance employee
family members and boom productivity.
TACIT information aka “avenue SMARTS”
You’ve got heard the word, “revel in is the finest trainer…”
In psychology circles understanding received from regular revel in is called tacit knowledge. The colloquial time period is “avenue smarts,” which implies that formal, study room preparation (aka “e book smarts”) has not anything to do with it. The individual is not immediately told as to what she or he must examine, but rather ought to extract the important lesson from the revel in even when studying isn’t the number one goal.
Tacit understanding is closely associated with common sense, that is sound and prudent judgment based on a easy belief of the scenario or information. As you understand, not unusual sense isn’t all that common.
Tacit understanding, or the classes received from it, appears to “stick” both quicker and higher whilst the training have direct relevance to the person’s dreams. expertise that is primarily based on one’s personal realistic revel in will probable be more instrumental to accomplishing one’s desires than will be know-how that is primarily based on a person else’s revel in, or that is overly accepted and summary.
BEING both clever AND stupid
sure, it is viable to be both clever and stupid. i am certain a person you realize involves thoughts at this precise moment. however the goal right here isn’t to ridicule, but to understand how a few apparently fairly intelligent, or exceedingly educated people may be so clever in a single way, and noticeably silly in others.
The lady who is a respected, nicely paid, dynamic govt who continually chooses men who don’t look like worthy of her, or the man who seems to be a pillar of the community, with a loving spouse and glad youngsters, ends up being arrested on rape fees.
It occurs, but why? i found the solution in Why clever humans may be So silly. basically, mind is area specific. In other words, being smart (knowledgeable) in a single area of your existence, and stupid (ignorant) in another is herbal. Turning off one’s brain is pretty common mainly with regards to what we preference. A shared function amongst those who are smart and stupid, is the problem in delaying gratification.
Olem Ayduk & Walter Mischel who wrote the bankruptcy summarized: now and again stupid conduct in clever human beings may additionally get up from faulty expectancies, inaccurate ideals, or simply a lack of motivation to enact control strategies even when one has them. but from time to time it is an inability to regulate one’s affective states and the behavioral inclinations related to them that results in stupid and self-defeating conduct.
The significant character on this book who many of these instructions concerning being clever and stupid revolve round is invoice Clinton and his affair with Monica Lewinksky.
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